our town :: essays research papers

Our Town   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our Town, by Thornton Wilder is a play that takes place in a small fictional town of Grover's Corner, New Hampshire; beginning in 1901 and ending in 1913. The play takes the audience through the cycles of life, with the purpose of getting a message across stating that life shouldn't be taken for granted. Emily Webb, one of the most important characters in the play, is Wilder's character in which he uses to show the audience a message that anyone would understand and relate to.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emily is a character that is normal enough so that the audience could relate to her; and be different in little ways that makes people love and admire her. These cycles makes her common, thus relatable to the audience. Without going through common events in life, the character would seem distant and likeable to the audience. Similarly, when Emily said that she expects a man to be perfect, it makes her special. Wilder put in that scene because he believed that even though there is a basic image of an average person, to be truly average, the character must have a difference to separate the character from the crowd. If the character doesn't have any differences, then the character would be faceless; impossible for the character to take a major role in the play. Emily is portrayed uniquely in her own way, and yet is still within the boundaries of everyone else.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The character Emily plays a crucial scene in the play, the part where Emily went back to her twelfth birthday. At first, Emily wanted to go back and relive the happiest day of her life, but Mrs. Gibbs stopped her and told her to visit a normal day instead. Mrs. Gibbs knew what would happen to Emily if she had relived a joyful day in her life. If Emily had went back to a special occasion, she would've been overwhelmed by the all the beauty that she didn't pay attention to. Therefore, Emily went to relive her twelfth birthday, but wasn't as happy as she thought she would have been.

Bowlby’s Ethological Attachment Theory Essay

Abstract Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory bases its argument on the premise that human individuals, just like animals have a tendency to have a natural inclination to establish and maintain lasting affectionate bonds (attachments) to the familiar and irreplaceable others. Bowlby further asserts that once the attachments are established, the strength, and stability of the links is related the emotional stability and well-being of the individual throughout life. Bowlby proposes that the attachment initially form during infancy and often involve one primary attachment figure (mostly the mother or other primary caregiver). However, growth from childhood to adulthood results in the development of other secondary and multiple attachments which are organized into hierarchies from the most accessible to the least accessible. This forms the lifespan development of an individual as attachment needs for comfort and closeness shift from parents to peers as part of a healthy lifespan development. This paper discusses Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory as a theory of lifespan development. The paper is organized with an introduction which briefly discusses the concept of ethology and its ancestry from the study on the graylag geese by Konrad Lorenz. It further presents the contributions of Bowlby and the applications of the theory on human beings lifespan development and contemporary practice. The paper logically ends with a conclusion. Introduction Ethology emphasizes that human behavior is tied to evolution and biology, and is therefore characterized by critical periods. According to ethnologists, the critical periods are time frames during which the presence of lack of certain experiences exerts long-lasting influence on human individuals. The concept of ethology rose to prominence after a European zoologist (Lorenz) undertook a behavioral study on graylag geese and their behavior of following their mothers immediately after they hatch (Marga, 2011). In his  attempt to study on attachment, Lorenz subdivided the eggs laid by one goose into two groups with one being given to the mother for hatching while the other was hatched in an incubator. The goslings hatched by the mother followed the mother immediately after hatching while those hatched in the incubator followed Lorenz sine he was the one they saw immediately after hatching. Even after marking the goslings and placing them in a box, the goslings run to the mother and Lo renz according immediately after the box was opened (van der Horst & van der Veer, 2009). Lorenz described the process as imprinting. Imprinting refers to the process through which rapid, innate learning takes place and involves the creation of attachment to the first mobile object visible to a newly hatched gosling. John Bowlby took the concept ahead illustrating an application of ethological theory on human behavior and development. In his view, attachment to a caregiver during the first year of a child has significant consequences throughout the individual’s lifespan. In his words, attachment influences human relationships â€Å"from the cradle to the grave† (Pitman & Scharfe, 2010, p. 201). Bowlby argues that if the attachment is both positive and secure, the individual has a high likelihood of developing positively through childhood and into adulthood. On the other side, if the attachment is both negative and insecure, the individual has high chances of not attaining optimal life-span development. It is the concern of human individuals that they reach optimal lifespan development, something that ethological theory partly tries to explain. This paper discusses Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory and its applications in the course of lifespan development. Bowlby’s perspectives on ethological attachment theory From the perspective of ethological theory, babies have an innate biological preparation to participate actively towards the establishment of a bond with caregivers. The ethological theory holds that such an attachment promotes the likelihood that the genes of individuals survive (Makulincer & Shaver, 2012). The theory also posits that the behaviors of children are best understood in the context of their adaptive value hence they seek to fully integrate with the entire organism-environment arrangement. This includes physical, social as well as the cultural aspects an individual is exposed to in the course of life-span development. While Bowlby’s ethological theory  places its emphasis on genetics and biological aspects of development, learning also plays an integral role in life-span development since it facilitates flexibility and adaptation of human behavior. One of Bowlby’s concerns had to do with the ability of children raised in other institutions such as orphanages to form lasting relationships. Bowlby’s proposal was that children who grow up in institutions such as orphanages have difficulties when it comes to love because they never had the opportunity to establish attachments to a mother figure in the early stage of their lives. The attachment, in Bowlby’s view, is an emotional bond established between two people and this attachment is vital in the building of healthy relationships (Makulincer, Shaver & Berant, 2013). He argued that the bonding process starts at birth and runs through to later stages in life. Below six months, the infant is attached to the primary caregiver. Between six to eighteen months, the separation of the child from the attachment figure upsets the child causing frequent cries. Another accompanying behavior at this stage is the fear of strangers. While infants develop a primary attachment to a single caregiver, researchers also argue that other significant attachments also develop. Such attachments include those with siblings, fathers, and other close figures who interact with the child. Mary Ainsworth, an American scholar to study the area of attachment describes the attachments as secondary attachments (Marga, 2011). She further describes secondary attachments as important bonds in the life-span development of an individual. These attachments are vital since the child has to live in world beyond the mother/primary caregiver. Secondary attachments help in the transformation of the child from the comfortable symbiotic relationship that he/she initially forms with the primary caregiver to include others in the society (Makulincer & Shaver, 2012). It is from this development that the child is able to develop age-appropriate independence and autonomy in the course of life-span development. Children imitate their models and the positive interactions with the caregiver promote a sense of identity and attachment. Children also develop multiple attachments as witnessed in Ainsworth’s secondary attachments (Marga, 2011). A father who is warm and affectionate towards the child becomes emotionally involved with the child and establishes attachment. Researchers also find that when sons feel understood by their fathers, they develop attachments towards, their  fathers. On the other side, when sons feel misunderstood by their fathers, they did not only feel afraid of them but also did not want to be like the male parent in the future. The lesson here is that paternal affection and understanding are key components that help in the promotion of positive relationships and attachments between a male parent and the child. According to Sable (2008), Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory is recognized as a lifespan developmental theory. The author further argues that it is relevant in the understanding of how early affection experiences exert influence on emotional and physical well being of an individual both in childhood and adulthood. The author specifically singles the importance of Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory in clinical practice as it helps in understanding clients’ distress and the carrying out of psychotherapy. Contemporary research on neurobiology of attachment extends the basis of Bowlby’s conception of an attachment behavior system and suggests that its functions are executed in the brain’s right hemisphere, specifically the right cortex (Sable, 2008). Just like Bowlby asserts that attachment system evolves on the need for protection from environmental dangers such as predation, the brain is also an evolving organ largely influenced by â€Å"nat ural selection† (Sable, 2008, p. 22) and later shaped by environmental experiences. It is from this realization that knowledge of attachment theories becomes invaluable in psychotherapy. Application of Bowlby’s ethological attachment in lifespan development According to Pitman & Scharfe (2010), the principles of attachment theory are distinctively visible in moments of distress or sickness when the individual feels that their survival is under threat. However, there are many other instances when attachment behaviors are manifest such as children’s first experiences in schools and day care centers. Pitman & Scharfe (2010) observe that during the first day in day care centers, children experience increases in cortisol levels and heart rates. In the course of an individual’s developmental lifespan, other incidences include airport separations when couples display attachment behaviors as well as distress irrespective of their attachment security. Knowledge of attachment is useful in psychotherapy. According to Pitman & Scharfe (2010), individuals with high attachment anxiety and avoidance experience greater physical symptoms in comparison with individuals who have low attachment anxiety and avoidance. The researchers  also report on the existence of an association between attachment anxiety and avoidance on one hand and depression on the other across varying age groups. These range from samples of children and adolescents, emerging adults, married couples, community samples in transition to parenthood, university samples, as well as clinical samples. The results indicate an association between higher attachment anxiety and avoidance with depression (Sable, 2008). The establishment of attachment with the therapists determines the effectiveness of a therapist in giving assistance to a client. Bowlby believes that the development of a new attachment with a therapist enables the therapist to assist the client in revising the story of the client’s life into a more consiste nt narrative. According to Sable (2010), the role of the therapist is to provide a springboard for change and this is possible through joint exploration of the painful feelings and the unhappy events that contribute the current emotional problems of the client. In order to win this trust, the therapist ought to become a relatively secure base where the client experiences safety and support. The therapist has to cultivate for this attachment through calming and soothing interactions although it may take some time before the therapist is accepted and felt as emotionally familiar and affectively accustomed to the client. One of the applications of Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory by clinicians is in the assessment of the client’s attachment style so that the clinician can regulate the therapeutic approach (Sable, 2010). The outcomes of a therapy process reveal that avoidant outpatients show minimal clinical improvements in comparison to the secure and anxious outpatients after individual therapy (Makulincer, Shaver & Berant, 2013). They also report that in a study carried out in a university program training clinic, avoidant attachment had an inverse relationship to psychotherapy outcome. Researchers agree that problems in the working alliance between clients and therapists partially mediate the avoidance-outcome association. In another sample of clients with eating disorders, avoidant-attachment was linked with dropout of group psychotherapy. Another contemporary application of Bowlby’s ethological theory is in the diagnosis of the reactive attachment disorder. Follan & Minnis (2009) investigate the cases of the forty-four juvenile thieves described as affectionless psychopaths. Out of the sampled ‘juvenile thieves,’ 86 percent had undergone through prolonged separation  from primary caregivers in the early stages of their lives apart from being placed under multiple care placements. Follan & Minnis (2009) find out that in their sample, 60 percent of children with reactive attachment disorder had been separated from their homes either resulting from neglect or other types of maltreatment. According to Bowlby, the experience of separation from primary caregivers was a key etiological factor contributing towards the development of difficulties in children. These findings lend credence to Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory in the diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder (RAD). While Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory receives worldwide support, it also faces some criticisms. One such criticism is its reliance on biology and evolution as the basis of development as well as the use of selective observations in naturalistic situations. Marga (2011) presents contradicting reports of a study involving 162 farm children where there was no relation between infant training on one hand and personality development on the other. As a result, the research er implores scientists to â€Å"quit blaming mom† as a dismissal to Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory. While the criticisms are there, Bowlby’s ethological theory receives widespread support and application as it relates to the lifespan development of an individual. Conclusion The behavioral development of a human being begins at birth and occurrences at the formative years determine the personality development of the individual later in adulthood. Many theories such as the behavioral and psychoanalytic theories explain personality development of the human individual. The quality of the entire human life is the accurate measure of effective lifespan development of the individual. Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory argues that human individuals develop attachments to primary caregivers that are affectionate and supportive. As individuals grow, they develop other secondary and multiple attachments with peers in order to get security as they interact with different environments. Bowlby’s perspective has received widespread acceptance although it has also been criticized for placing emphasis on biology and evolution. Nevertheless, the theory receives application in psychotherapy. Researchers report that clients are open up to therapists after they develop a feeling of security and attachment with the therapist. There is evidence that psychotherapy  outcomes also depend on the establishment of attachment between the client and the therapist. There is also a link between avoidant-attachment and dropout of group psychotherapy. The theory specifically helps in understanding the distress of clients in various stages in life and this facilitates positive outcomes during physiotherapy. There is further evidence that Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory also helps in the diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder. As individuals grow from childhood to adulthood, their attachments change due to changes in the environment, making Bowlby’s ethological theory a theory of lifespan development. References Follan, M., & Minnis, H. (2009). Forty-four juvenile thieves revisited: From Bowlby to reactive attachment disorder. Child: care, health and development 36(5): 639-645. Makulincer, M., & Shaver, P.R. (2012). Adult Attachment Orientations and Relationship Processes. Journal of Family Theory & Review 4: 259-274. Makulincer, M., Shaver, P.R., & Berant, E. (2013). An attachment perspective on therapeutic processes and outcomes. Journal of Personality 81(6): 606-616. Marga, V. (2011). The Social Nature of the Mother’s Tie to Her Child: John Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment in Post-war America. British Journal for the History of Science 44(3): 401-426. Pitman, R., & Scharfe, E. (2010).Testing the function of attachment hierarchies during emerging adulthood. Personal Relationships 17(2): 201-216. Sable, P. (2008). What is Adult Attachment? Clinical Social Work Journal 36(1): 21-30. van der Horst, F.C.P., & van der Veer, R. (2009). Separation and divergence: The untold story of Ja mes Robertson’s and John Bowlby’s theoretical dispute on mother-child separation. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 45(3): 236-252.

When I first enrolled in Technology and Society, I...

When I first enrolled in Technology and Society, I honestly did not know what to think of this class. I thought I was going to feel awkward because maybe it was going be a class full of nerds, which there wasn’t, and all we would talk about was different kinds of inventions and how they effected society. After completing the course it was pretty much true, the class discussed many inventions and how they have effected society throughout the years, even how society has effected technology. One of the main topics that was covered in the class was how many different definitions there was of what was considered technology. The biggest lesson that was taught was how technology and society have been linked so closely throughout history, and now†¦show more content†¦Everyone has seen that kid with music blasting out of his headphones, or the girl rapidly texting on her phone. The youth of today are constantly drawn in technological advancements that promote nonstop communica tion and instant satisfaction, whether through cell phones, video games, laptops, or iPod/MP3 players. Before the invention of these devices, family members would sit together around the table and play games together. However, since the invention of video games, those kinds of entertainment have changed to games played individually, and the impact of such games on family relations is apparent. Nowadays instead of watching TV together or eating a family meal, everyone in the family is in a separate room, either playing video games, watching football, on their computers or on their phones. Though, in some cases, technology helps parents to communicate with their children and know their location, it is not always enough for children’s safety just to stay connected with the family. People are so fascinated by their smart phones or laptops that they are blind to others around them. Consequently, spending less time with family and more time with different gadgets can cause the loss of tight contacts with close relations. But are these technological advancements a good thing? I believe that the growth of technology has negatively influenced the social interactions of todays youth because it isolates people from reality, gets in the way ofShow MoreRelatedHow Technology Has Changed Our Future?2020 Words   |  9 PagesRegression We live in the 21st century where mostly everything is done by technology. In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that technology would rapidly improve every 18 months. Fast forward to 2016 and we have improved so well technologically that it has become something nobody could have ever predicted. We are living in a golden age of technology with discoveries happen every day. 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I Outline the four components of emotional intelligence. I Summarize the effects of job dissatisfaction in terms of the exit-voice-loyalty-neglect model. I Compare the effects of affective andRead MoreModernization of Ntuc Income Case Study14054 Words   |  57 PagesAttitudes Learning Objectives AFTER READING THIS CHAPTER , YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO : I Deï ¬ ne emotions and identify the two dimensions around which emotions are organized. I Diagram the model of emotions, attitudes, and behaviour. I Identify the conditions that require and problems with emotional labour. I Outline the four components of emotional intelligence. I Summarize the effects of job dissatisfaction in terms of the exit-voice-loyalty-neglect model. I Compare the effects of affective and continuanceRead More111135197X 38570 Essay example17696 Words   |  71 PagesPre-test: What Do You Already Know? See page 350 of Writing Clearly, Third Edition for answers to the Pre-test. 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His inspiration for this study, solid guidance throughout the process, patience, and motivation were invaluable. I also am indebted to committee members Dr. Linda Shea, who has consistently provided me with positive encouragement, support and sound advice, and to Dr. Jeffrey

Population Control Essay - 842 Words

Population Control The population problem has no technical solution; it requires a fundamental extension in morality. -Garrett Hardin The prediction that spawned a generation of alarmist has now in turned on its head. But the prospect of an emptier planet is creating its own set of problems. -Ben J Wattenberg The realization of the worlds population crisis is creating new and disturbing ideas by many people to solve our over population problem. Many ideas are being condoned as well as being criticized. Examples set by other countries such as China and India should help the United States establish a policy that is moral and can solve over population, if there is a problem at all. Most people believe†¦show more content†¦There is intense controversy concerning these questions, whether Earth is over populated and what measures if any should be taken to slow population growth. To some the planet is already overpopulated, but others claim that if everyone existed at a minimum survival level, Earth could support 20-48 billion people. This would require that everyone abide with a replacement fertility rate. It is a number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves. It is slightly higher than two children per couple. 2.1 children in MDCs and as high as 2.5 children in some LDCs. This suggestion does not mean that if the fertility rates are lowered to replacement level that the population will come to immediate halt. The chain reaction would take 50 years to see if it was continued with success. Another suggestion made to help slow population growth is an idea that has many other effects, ones that society might not be ready for. Its called, Reducing Births by Empowering Women. Women tend to have fewer and healthier children and live longer when they have access to education and to paying jobs outside the home, and when they live in societies in which their individual rights are not suppressed. Having children later in their life infringes on the amount of babies they are capable of bearing. However, empowering women by seeking gender equality will require some major social changes, which will be difficult to achieve. Using Economic Rewards and Penalties to ReduceShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Population Control1188 Words   |  5 PagesPopulation Control Are there really methods of population control? Population control, the speechless facts of existence of the 1970’s and 1980’s, was the catchphrase of the 1950’s and 1960’s. Could government programs, contraception, war, and poverty be methods of control already in effect today? 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As science and technology advance, humanity has succeeded in overcoming natural growth limits but not in sustainably addressing anthropocentric environmental issues. Each human places additional strain on the environment and contributes to its degradation. Therefore, non-coercive population control should be institutedRead MorePopulation Control. Overpopulation Is Defined As The â€Å"Condition1482 Words   |  6 PagesPopulation Control Overpopulation is defined as the â€Å"condition of having a population so dense as to cause environmental deterioration, an impaired quality of life, or a population crash† (Merriam-Webster). A similar way to think of this is if there are 10 people in a small elevator, it is going to feel congested and cramped. The people will be uncomfortable and they won’t be content with the current situation. This would be an impaired quality of life. If this is related to the environmental termRead More Morality of Population Control of Bangladesh Essay3521 Words   |  15 PagesMorality of Population Control of Bangladesh ABSTRACT: The rapid rate of population growth in the last half of the present century causes anxiety about the future of humanity because the amount of resources needed to satisfy basic necessities is extremely large. Correspondingly, the satisfaction of basic needs cannot be the sole criterion of the good life. Human beings have a right to live a life composed of things that make life go best. The case of Bangladesh shows that the majority of peopleRead MoreThe World Needs Population Control Essay1050 Words   |  5 Pages(Cover 444). The world population has almost doubled since 1965 and is currently growing at a rate of more than 80 million people every year (Ehrlich and Ehrlich 557). This is causing the climate to change and unemployment to increase. The world is slowly depleting its resources, and something needs to be done about it (Cover 444; Kuo 24). It is essential that the world implement global population control policies such as family limitations. It is obvious that the population has grown rapidly inRead MoreUsing Population Control to Achieve Environmental Sustainability1206 Words   |  5 Pagesresources as at current rates, which have been estimated to be 4 planets worth of resources, this will be inevitable. Populations are all the inhabitants of a specific area/country and this population can be controlled in various methods such as population policies, like the ones in China, Kerala and France; as well as control via migration by putting on limits. A population control method that has achieve environmental sustainability is China’s one-child-policy which was incorporated into Chinese

The Global Consciousness Requires For Students Experience...

The article begins by introducing how students are growing up in a generation where changes in the environment, health, economy, and nuclear weapons are all happening at the same time. It questions the role of schools by how they are preparing the students to see themselves as being a part of the larger whole that includes the entire world, not just their neighborhood, community, or country. There is proven research that shows the global consciousness requiring that students experience a caring environment, have many opportunities to engage in, and develop skills like conflict resolution. The tools being offered can help schools teach academics on a larger content of serving the goals of global citizenship education. It implies that we are living and educating our children in an extraordinary time in history, our children are growing up in an interdependent world. The question this article bases itself around is â€Å"What does it take for young people to see themselves as part of a larger whole that includes not just their neighborhood, community or country, but the world?† The challenge faced is that there is a huge gap between rich and poor in the United States. For example, one out of five American children lives in poverty (Children’s Defense Fund 2002). In a society like ours, the stress of the families always falls onto the children, unfairly. James Garbino (1995) calls this a â€Å"socially toxic environment†. In the past, schools were more a place that would help studentsShow MoreRelatedDiveristy1030 Words   |  5 PagesCapellan PI: 2647577 Assignment 2 – Chapters 5 thru 9 Journal CHAPTER 5 1. If students sit in the same classroom, read the same assignments, and hear the same lectures, are they all receiving the same education? Might these students interpret the same lesson differently because of the social worlds in which they live? 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Heare Student ID# 284890 Project Instructor Dr. Robert Weltzer April 17, 2009 CHAPTER I DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM Introduction Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, and Traumatic Brain Injury, TBI have become an ever increasing problem in the military since the inception of the Global War on Terrorism. All too often Soldiers are misdiagnosed, given medication for depression and sent backRead MoreSystem Thinking and Action Research2891 Words   |  12 Pages Susan M Ross Dr. Tyler Zerwekh September 15, 2012 Abstract Public health practices and policies are largely influenced by the population involved and seek to improve the overall health of the public. Achieving success in systems thinking requires making strategic decisions about what processes will best achieve the public health goals. Systems Theory Information Technology Systems Theory evaluates the relationship between information systems, and information technology, and people. 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Alcohol Policy Report Free Essays

The WEOC management deems it necessary to establish a set of stringent guidelines for serving alcohol at all of its events, since the company does not support completely banning alcohol consumption. A single alcohol management policy would help enforce a standard practice free of bias and conflicts. This would ensure that all individuals attending the event have a good time without any disturbance from individuals intoxicated with alcohol. We will write a custom essay sample on Alcohol Policy Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since the company hosts a fair share of late night parties, it would help prevent accidents resulting from drunken driving. Moreover, limiting alcohol consumption at events such training programs and conferences would ensure that business productivity is not affected due to overconsumption of alcohol. Enforcing a policy restricting alcohol consumption is essential to exercise control over large crowds at WEOC sponsored sports events. Since WEOC hosts events such as picnics involving attendees of all ages, it is the company’s responsibility to ensure that such events are suitable for all members of a family including children and elderly people. It is has been proven that individuals under the influence of alcohol may act in a boisterous manner and may even exhibit hostile tendencies. Avoiding individuals from alcohol overdose would help prevent damage to any property in the event premises. It is in the company’s best interest to follow this uniform policy would ensure that none of the employees suffer from alcohol intoxication and behave inappropriately towards a client. This policy is generally good for business and helps in building a positive brand image, since embarrassing scenarios leading to bad press could be avoided by maintaining a certain degree of civility and orderliness. All employees attending an event serving alcohol would be made aware of this policy and expected to conduct themselves in a socially acceptable manner. It should be duly noted that the following ten-point policy will followed in its entirety by all employees under all circumstances at WEOC events. 1) All WEOC events where alcohol is served shall be mandatorily required to use the services of a bartender certified through a state-recognized training program on responsible alcohol service. 2) All event attendees and other staff members with the exception of the certified bartender shall be prohibited from dispensing alcohol. 3) Underage drinkers will not be entertained and the bartender would have the authority to demand valid identification to authenticate one’s age (Grapevine Bar Catering 2007). 4) The bartender shall be given the authority to restrict the number of drinks served to all attendees to prevent alcohol intoxication. 5) Bartenders will have the right to refuse serving certain drinks that can lead to quick and high levels of intoxication. 6) Any attendee of a WEOC event can be refused alcohol service at anytime if the bartender deems him/her unfit for consuming alcohol. 7) The bar shall be manned by the bartender at all times and alcohol containers shall remain behind the bar. 8) Attendees of the event shall not be allowed to carry alcohol out of the facility where the event is taking place. 9) The bartender shall stop serving drinks 30 minutes prior to the end of any WEOC event. 10) Bartenders will be prohibited from accepting any form of tips, in order to avoid biased treatment. Reference: Grapevine Bar Catering. (2007). Alcohol Serving Policy. RossCo Innovations LLC. Retrieved 1August 2008, http://www. cateredsolution. com/servingPolicies. htm Retailers- Alcohol Service Policy. 2young2drink. Retrieved 1 August 2008, http://www. 2young2drink. com/retailers/alcohol_policy. asp RMIT University. (2001). RMIT – Health and Safety Manual. Retrieved 1 August 2008, http://mams. rmit. edu. au/9bxvxdqlamedz. pdf How to cite Alcohol Policy Report, Papers

Ethics and Privacy of Users

Question: Discuss about the Ethics and Privacy of Users. Answer: Introduction: Ethics forms the foundation of organizational success because it is an explicit and philosophical reflection on the moral practices and beliefs. It remains a conscious stepping back that reflects on the morality and the concepts of wrong and right depending on the behaviour of people. In most cases, people use the principles and values to control their decisions and activities. In many companies, codes of ethics have guided the firms decisions, programs, and policies. Therefore, ethical philosophy has a direct impact on the enterprises productivity, reputation, and bottom line. On the privacy and confidentiality of the information, Mega opted to head to the courts to bar government from accessing the clients confidential data. In the Newtons article, Mega Company battles with the Kazakhstan government over the protection of users privacy (Newton, 2016). The company is contesting the court order that compels it to submit personal data to Kazakhstan government. Mega holds it is an unnecessary breach of the users privacy, and the New Zealand-based company is unwilling to give up on the issue. The court had ordered the company to hand over email addresses, IP addresses, and related personal information, particularly of the users the Kazakhstans government had suspected of hacking its computer system. Therefore, the article provides relevant information on how the privacy issues remain contested in the modern society despite the escalating cybercrimes. Computer security focuses on the application of security aspects to the system so as to protect the users against the unauthorized manipulation, disclosures, or denial of services. Importantly, the computer security professionals should protect the valuable information and data. As evident in the Newtons article, computer security can pose ethical issues based on rights, interests, and harms. In my opinion, the security measures can be discriminatory because they can exclude other users from using the system while giving privilege to certain classes to access them. Hacking and cracking are unlawful thus forms part of computer crime. It remains the responsibility of information security professionals to maintain the code of ethics to help them balance various moral principles in addressing such issues. Based on the article, it is evident that the firm holds its clients privacy so as to protect the individual from external threats including harassment, blackmail, and exclusion. However, the rights to privacy have never remained absolute because it is critical to balance against the rights and interests including national security and maintenance of public order. Computer security professionals should make it difficult for the hackers to access private or protected information. Given the courts order, I think the company should corporate with the authorities to identify the hackers who seem to have compromised on the national security. In conclusion, ethics are the moral principles controlling the behaviours of an individual. It revolves around systematic concepts defending the right and wrong conducts. Ethics and privacy have created concern, particularly with the new technological error. Companies are struggling to balance the privacy rights with the ethical principles to remain relevant to their customers. Nonetheless, the cybercriminals have opted to attack and access private data thus compromising the national security. Newtons article reveals the numerous court battles between the government and the firm in addressing the computer security failures. Reference Newton, K. (2016, Aug 9). Mega heads to court to protect users privacy. NZW. Retrieved from https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/310495/mega-heads-to-court-to-protect-users-privacy.